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    • Scientific report

       

                  Introduction

      Duckweed species are part of the sub family Lemnoideae family Araceae, order Alismatales, subclass Monocotiledoneae, class Angiospermeae, filum Plantae. The subfamily is now raised to the Lemnaeace family. It includes the genus Lemna, Lemna (with the four species, L. minor, L. trisulca, L. gibba, L. minuta – invasive species newly appearing on the Danube Delta Nebun of North America), Spirodela with one species, S. polirrhiza), Wolffia (with a species, W. arrhyza) and Wolfiella.

      They live in slow flowing waters, ponds, freshwater lakes and lack in marine waters. Being a floating plant, the mesophile of the plant is composed of a special tissue called aerenchim, full of air filled spaces for the plants to float always. The plants give up vegetal stems specific to angiosperms, being an evolutionary regression to the algae, with the vegetable stem reduced to a vegetal as algae (Wolffia arrhyza), even without roots. The color of talus varies from chloroplasts to leucoplasts (white-yellowish) or carotenoid pigments to the middle of the summer, the plants becoming yellow-brown or yellow-orange, especially in the case of L. gibba in European flora. The reproduction occurs throughout the plant season, is asexuated, and is based on the division of the plant, thanks to the rapid development of meristemic tissues with a role in asexual reproduction, which leads to the growth and division of the talus or pseudotal of the plant in two. Occasionally reproducing and sexing.

      Flowers have two stamen with petiole, they have the form of a spadix type, characteristic of the Araeeae family. Wolffia, with a diameter of 0.3 mm, is the smallest upper plant or angiosperm in the world. Through sexual reproduction, occasionally a floating fruit called the tricusse (L. Elias, 1986). It develops more strongly in heavily anthropogenic ecosystems in nature, from where they can be used as biofilters in industrial aquaculture systems.

      It is also a good source of protein (Landesman Louis, 2012, Appenroth KJ, Sveek, 2017) and can be used as food for humans, namely obtaining valuable nutritional supplements for humans (De Benkelaar, Mirsthe F., Iurriann J., Fisher, Arnouts RH, 2019). For example, in Denmark, for example, recently made (2018) food preparations from Lemna. The molecular phylogenetic classification confirmed that the species belong to the Araceae family, classical taxonomy (Lidia I. Cabreza, Gerardo A, Salazar, et al., Pp. 1153-1165, 2013). Spirodela derives from the Arabidopsis thalianae ancestral genus, being the most primitive base genus from which Wolfiella and Wolffia derive, then Lemna (Wong W., Kerstatter Randall a., Toud P., 2011).

      In the USA, through research project DOE (2009), research facilities have been created to demonstrate the possibility of obtaining new biofuels by ecological methods, such as renewable energy production (bioethanol), at Rutger University and the State University of Carolina . Efficiency is given by growth rates and low costs in line with the Convention on Climate Change, thus stopping global warming.

      29

      Fig.1. The ethanol content of fresh (blue) and dry (red) (M. Kesaano, Sustainable Management of Duckweed Biomass Grown for Nutrient Control in Municipal Wastewater All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Paper 879. (2011).)

      Duckweed is an effective bioremediator eliminating pathogenic bacteria, N, P and other excess compounds in wastewater of any type (John Cross, 2011, Kribb Wayne, 2001-2004). It is used for the ecological reconstruction of wetlands, depolarizing for large wetland complexes. Also, Lemna species are considered to be very good bioaccumulators, even hyperaccumulators tolerant to radionuclides, hydrocarbons, organic and inorganic solvents, to which all species of the Lemnaceae family are resistant, metabolizing them faster than any other plant. L. minor is the most cultivated plant, but also the most common in Europe and has spread to other continents. Plants are 1-8 cm long, 0.6 to 5 mm wide and the flower has one egg and two stamens. Birds contribute to the spread of the species found in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America, except for the Arctic and Subarctic climate, Australia and South America, but it has recently been introduced.

      1.1. Ecological living conditions.

      For Lemna minor crops, under optimum conditions the pH value should be between 6.5-8 and 6-33ºC. Under these conditions, growth is very fast. At 6-7ºC the resistance forms or the turbines, which descend to the bottom of the standing waters, are produced. In spring, plant growth and lifting of turbons are restarted. Other optimal conditions would be the lack of competition with weak algae and wind, otherwise it causes waves that can overturn the plants. Another factor in the growth of Lemna minor is rainwater. The plant needs in excess of N, P and K, which must be in the concentration of 20-30 mg / l increasing the protein concentration.

      The effluent with ammonia-rich water and other minerals is preferred by Lemna minor plants when grown in the lagoons of urine purification, washing waters, and swine fever (swine) with excess ammonia. In these decanting basins the best mineralization occurs if the water of the basins or urine lagoons is diluted by mixing with 80% pure water and 20% is direct drainage. Total nitrogen Kjeldahl N (54 mg / l, ammonium 31 mg / l, total phosphorus 16 mg / l) is obtained by diluting to 20% of the initial medium with 80% water by gradual addition. Potassium (K) and Phosphorus (P) waters can favor the growth of the Lemna minor species, but increased attention should be paid to nitrogen adjustment and correction (Bergmann, B. A., page 13-20, 2000).

      Due to the fact that Lemna minor is a tolerant species for maximum temperature rise (it grows better between 15-33ºC and only after 33-36ºC there is a decrease in growth and productivity, more significant above 36ºC) these systems of fish aquaculture or purification of liquid waste from swine farms and fish farms lead to a very large increase in plant biomass.

      In this way, water is extracted from excess organic nutrients by continuously rinsing with the clean water resulting from the washing of the farm. The Lemna minor species has been successfully used to treat and purify city and industrial waters, for example Devils Lake, North Dakota, U.S.A. (Chang J., 825-5511, 2002b). Plant harvesting can be used as an agricultural amendment or fertilizer. If used in scrubbing technology or there are no toxic substances, heavy metals, the production of lobster obtained is used directly as feed for broiler chickens but especially ducks and geese. This tradition is common in China, Thailand, Indonesia, to feed the palmipeds with dill in the sewage treatment basins, even human.

      In parallel, in these ponds or lakes where the excrement is discharged, complete mineralization is achieved not only with Lemna but also with other species of monocellular green algae, aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria on the surface and anaerobic in and on the substrate. All enumerated taxa complement the scheme for the purification and absorption of nutrients from elestee and politrofe, hypertrophic, excess nutrients, pour them to the quality of water acceptable for the life of fish and other hydrobonds. The increase in biomass of Lemna minor floating populations shows a production of 28.5 g / 1 m 2 and 104.03 tons / year, accounting for 85% of the nitrogen and phosphorus contained in North Carolina lakes (Cheng J., 1003-1010 , 2002 b, Akter M. et al., 251-261, 2011, Bergmann BA, 263-269, 2000).

      Floating populations of Lemna minor develop very well, and in the anaerobic environment they even activate their development and absorption of nutrients through the root and bottom of the plant in contact with water. The absorption of nutrients from the anaerobic environment takes place in the absence of total air until the total purification and extraction of N, P, K (Caicedo J.R., 83-89, 2000, Rodrigo A., 98-104, 2012).

      The recommended anaerobic treatment is over the 100 mg / liter aquaculture liquid medium, respectively Kjieldahl N and 50 mg / l P total, at which the highest rate of increase in biomass production and productivity of the Lemna minor floating populations ( Sasmaz M., Obek E., Sasmaz A., 246-253, 2015, Akter N., Chodbury SD, SD, SD Akter Y., Khatum MA, 252-261).

      It has been shown that Lemna minor produces more starch / water surface acres than maize cultivated with many maintenance, growth, fertilization, pest and pest treatments, irrigation than maize on the same surface (Jay Cheng, 2018, Carolina University North). Duckweed was grown in small ponds for organic waste disposal of urban and industrial waste, where large silt stocks were spread after purification of these waters in riparian lakes of thousands and tens of thousands of hectares. It has been shown that Lemna minor has an enormous appetite for human and animal excreta, which it converts into starch by rapid conversion, which is then converted into ethanol at low industrial costs.

      Lemna minor is an excellent bioremediator, concentrating heavy metals by absorption and detoxification, transforming them into non-toxic chemical compounds (Pb, Zn, Fr, Cd,). The dry line contains 25-45% of proteins (depending on growth conditions), 4.4% of lipids and 8-10% of fiber, calculated as dry vegetable biomass. It is used in the US to feed cattle as well as the bioremediation of heavy metal polluted waters with excess organic substances as a test body for environmental studies or as a system of genetic expression and testing for the industrial production of drugs and other biopharmaceuticals made by biotechnology. When it becomes invasive it is harvested as food for the Cyprinidae (Carpina carpio, Chinese carp) and Cichlydae (Tilapia nilotica) family.

      Studies on plant embryonic development, biochemistry, photosynthesis, toxicity, genome studies, drug-induced motility are being studied. Researchers in the field of the environment use it in the ecological reconstruction of water through the implementation of water purification applications and patents. Major projects were carried out with the Lintiţa genome project (2009) to increase plant production and productivity (New Jersey State University). The Rutgers Institute of Genomics at Rutgers University is working in an international partnership with other Universities – University of Jena, Germany, Institute of Integrative Biology of Switzerland, Kyoto University, Japan, Oregon State University, University of California – coordinating the DOE World Program – the Genome Institute with four national labels; Lavrence Berkley, Laurence Livermore, Los Alamos, OAK Ridge, and Pacific North-West, Genomic Institute at Stanford University.

      1. Conclusions regarding the investigations carried out by the EcoPlate Biolog method on the intimate biological filtration mechanisms of the Lemna species, studied comparatively in natural conditions and in captive-controlled crops.

      The purpose of this research was to characterize the phenotypic biodiversity of aquatic community communities free of aquatic … and microbial communities associated with aquatic species: Lemna trisulca, L. minor, Wolffia arrhiza and Spyrodella polyrrhiza.

      In this study, a total of 8 samples were harvested and analyzed, including 4 samples of water collected from pools and 4 samples of aquatic plants represented by Lemna trisulca, L. minor, Wolffia arrhiza and Spyrodella polyrrhiza .

      Research activities included the characterization of the physiological profiles of aquatic microbial communities and microbial communities associated with Lemna trisulca, L. minor, Wolffia arrhiza and Spyrodella polyrrhiza aquatic plants based on the degree of use of carbon sources in the EcoPlates Biologist system.

      The results obtained at different time periods (24 h, 72 h, 96 h, 192 h and 216 h) indicated that the microbial communities in the analyzed aquatic basins exhibit less metabolic activity compared to the metabolic activity of microbial communities associated with aquatic plants. At 24 h, the lowest values ​​of the AWCD parameter were recorded between 0.98 and 2.21. The lowest value in microbial activity was observed for the water samples taken from the water basins of the L. trisulca and Spyrodella polyrrhiza species, and the largest sample of water taken from the L. minor species basin. Absorbance readings at 450 nm indicated an increase in the metabolic activity of microbial populations in the analyzed aquatic basins over 96 hours. The highest values ​​of metabolic activity were observed at 144 h of incubation for water samples from the aquatic basins of Lemna and Spyrodella polyrrhiza species and 168 h of incubation for water samples from the aquatic basins of the Wolffia arrhiza species.


      Fig 2. AWCD values ​​for microbial communities in water samples.

      The analysis of the metabolic diversity parameter based on the determination of the number of C sources used showed that the microbial associated populations of the plants have a larger spectrum of use of the carbon sources compared to the free microbial populations in the water basins (Figure 3). Thus, the values ​​of metabolic diversity for microbial communities associated with aquatic plant species ranged between 83.87% and 90.32%, while for the microbial communities in the water samples from the pools they ranged between 54.83% and 64.51%.

       

      Fig. 3. The appearance of the Ecoplates Biologist plates inoculated with the water sample from the aquatic basin of the Lemna minor species (left) and the microbial suspension obtained by removing microorganisms adhering to the surface of the Lemna minor species.

      Investigation of the physiological profiles of the aquatic microorganisms communities in suspension and associated of different aquatic plant species was accomplished by cultivating water samples studied in the presence of 31 substrates other than C at different time periods which allowed the characterization of metabolic responses and study the diversity of microbial communities.

      The temporal dynamics analysis of the AWCD parameter, which describes the average use of C sources by microbial communities, has shown an increase in time of metabolic activity of microbial populations from both water samples and those associated with aquatic plants of L. trisulca, L. minor , Wolffia arrhiza and Spyrodella polyrrhiza, reaching a maximum of 144 hours after incubation.

                The conclusions from the comparative study are as follows:

      1. AWCD values ​​have shown a higher metabolic activity of microbial communities associated with aquatic plants compared to the metabolic activity of free, native microbial communities, or attached to nevium support (substrate, vessel walls) in the aquatic basins analyzed.
      2. The metabolic diversity of microbial populations in water samples taken from aquatic basins was lower than that of microbial populations associated with aquatic plants, suggesting a greater diversity of microbial communities adhering to the surface of aquatic plants compared to free, suspended water mass.
      3. It is clear and almost certain that we have a very wide variety of associations of photosynthetic microorganisms / aerobic bacteria / aquatic fungi / aerobic / anaerobic microorganisms living in areas with less oxygen, usually under the biodiversity of the roots and the lower part of the leaves which do not have direct contact with water and dissolved air. They live in probiotic activating relationships of increasing the production and productivity of vegetal and microbial biomass on floating floating plants because there are all favorable abiotic factors there (more oxygen, maximum illumination during daytime photoperiodation, agitation and permanent change of water gloss in in parallel with stirring, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, other toxic gases, atmospheric dissolution of as much oxygen as possible in the air-water interface, using surface tension and air-water exchange of classical water, the high favorable temperature which intensifies microbial processes specific to aerobic bacteria as well as photosynthetic physiological processes encountered or specific to photosynthetic cyanobacterial microorganisms, green monocellular algae such as Chlorella, yellow-golden algae – Phyllum Chrsophyta).

      These conclusions, and especially the latter, will allow the design of tertiary filtration systems that will further activate photosynthetic and nutrient absorption processes at the highest speed to continually activate the speed of aquaculture water treatment.

      Knowing now that this symbiosis exists and develops in the first 2-3 mm hydrobiologically specific of the category called pleuston (the level of floating plants that form a carpet at the surface of the water: Lemna minor, Lemna gibba, Lemna minuta, Wolffia arrhyza-wolfie, the smallest plant in the world, Spirodella polirrhyza) we can design biofilters according to the requirements the totally different ecologicals of these plants and associated symbiont microorganisms that have the same preference for light, temperature, oxygen, agitation and aeration, intense illumination (abiotic factors) and nutrient-producing biotic factors (fishfood, excrement and nutrient suppliers will be permanently cleaned by biofilters in recirculating and favored dynamic systems, both for nutrient feeding of photosynthetic hydrobiones – microorganisms and floating plants as well as water purification that must return extremely clean and sterilized in aquaculture basins of fish or other aqua animals animals called animal hobbies).

      Of all the species of Lemna, the most odd is Lemna trisulca, which develops in the absence of too much light (especially in winter) in full floating stage as other species of cushion (for example Lemna minor).

      The light intensity factor rather than the temperature is the one that leads to the abandonment of the submerged colony-like ecological form by division and agglomeration to the bottom of the water in aquatic ecosystems with 40-80 cm or slowly flowing ecosystems, but with direct sunlight and temperature constant water (14-28ºC).

      And in this species, using the modern Eco Plates Bilog method, it has been demonstrated that the photosynthetic species of microorganisms develop on the whole surface of the individuals of Lemna trisulca in the water mass, the species being submerged and immersed during the summer forming huge colonies from the substrate to the surface of the water .

      Curiously, only Lemna trisulca has no roots. But there are certainly allelopathic relationships that attract photosynthetic microorganisms / algae / saprophytic aquatic fungi / aerobic and fermentative anaerobic bacteria to form this microbial bio-organism all over their surface. More or less intense light that is not a problem for this species of lobster allows its water mass development, volumetric to the entire lentic or limbic aquatic ecosystem. So Lemna trisulca is less demanding at the intensity of light, while the other 4 species are extremely heliophytes (maximum amount of light to develop effectively and the maximum intensity of photosynthesis is at 33ºC). Fortunately, all Lemna species form this magnificent symbiosis that explains their tremendous power of purification.

      1. Because the trisculo Lemna develops in the mass of water is exactly what will allow us to realize an experimental module (based on the present results) of a tertiary biological recirculating filter with slow flowing water on the ecological principle of the continuous river equipped with multiple illumination systems (horizontal illumination , lateral, left, right and underneath the vessel, oblique, vertical) to allow the entire volume of filtration of the vessel to flow while the water is slowly recirculated so that as much of the tertiary biofilter as possible takes place the intensification of the processes filtration and absorption of nutrients, organic waste-excrements, toxic gases, ammonia, microorganisms molding and submerged duckweed. On the basis of this conclusion, we will achieve at the next year’s stage at least one prototype model with several more efficient and competitive variants, with a filtering role at the research facility set up by our association in the Frasin locality in Suceava County (see the Aquaterra de biosample of experimental scientific research).

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    • Project code: COFUND-WATER WORKS ERANET 2015-ABAWARE (3)

      Advanced Biotechnologies for Reuse of Waste Water from Intensive Aquaculture of Fresh Water (Acronym: ABAWARE)

       

      Stage 1 – Research on the use of microbiota as a basic method for selecting a new purification technology and the construction of a laboratory plant for wastewater treatment in aquaculture systems with recirculation based on selected microbial consortia

      TECHNICAL REPORT

      Activity 1.1 – Selection of Lemna sp. for the treatment of waste water resulting from SAR (recirculating aquaculture systems)

      The steady increase of the global aquaculture sector from 49.9 million tonnes in 2007 to 66.6 million tonnes in 2012 (FAO, 2014) places it among the most dynamic sectors as development. The intensification of aquaculture production will continue to depend on the use of fishmeal and plant protein sources, mainly from soybean (Olsen and Hasan, 2012), which releases both large amounts of nitrogen and undigested phosphates in aquatic environments (Satoh et al. ., 2003, Nwanna et al., 2008). Nitrogen and phosphorus are the main nutrients in effluents from intensive aquaculture (Haghbayan and Mehrgan, 2015). Excessive phosphate in aquaculture effluents leads to the rapid spread of cyanobacterial infiltration, resulting in eutrophication in aquatic environments and the subsequent change in biodiversity structure (Kumar et al., 2011, Nwanna and Olusola, 2014). Ammoniacal nitrogen wastes, a limiting parameter of water quality in intensive aquaculture, are very toxic to macro-fauna in open water bodies (Lazzari and Baldisserotto, 2008). Stephen and Farris (2004) reported that increased ammonia concentrations may lead to blood ammonia intoxication or fish autointoxication.

      In this context, intensification of aquaculture activity could also lead to a large amount of waste, including suspended solids, which results in a decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentration and finally the loss of aquatic biota (Magni et al. ., 2008). Reducing the production of these dissolved wastes is considered a key element for the long-term sustainability of aquaculture (Hasan, 2001). Duckweed (Lemna minor) has been used in several studies to absorb nutrients from aquaculture wastewater (Ansal et al., 2010). They are cheap and available, with the potential to eliminate nutrients after harvesting and therefore reduce the nutrient loading of the aquatic environment (Gupta and Prakash, 2014). The use of wastewater treatment and management makes it feasible for developing countries to provide low-cost household wastewater treatment, especially in rural areas (Smith and Moelyowati, 2001).

      Table 1. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in mg / m2 / day (after Reddy and de Busk, 1983)

      SpeciesNitrogen mg/m2/dayPhosphorus mg/m2/day
      Eichhornia1278243
      Pistia stratiotes985218
      Hydrocotyle umbellata36586
      Lemna minor29287
      Spirodela polyrhiza15134
      Azolla10833
      Salvinia rotundifolia406105
      Egeria densa12548

      The Lemnaceae family includes Lemnaceae, a family of monocotyledonous aquatic plants with five genera and a total of 37 species: Spirodela, Lemna, Landoltia, Wolffia and Wolfiella, being considered as one of the highest growth angiosperms. All members of the Lemnaceae family are small, floating, freshwater plants, whose geographical areas extend across the globe. Lintida lives in freshwater ponds and basins, preferring waste water without current or slow current (Sree et al., 2016).

      Rhinophyte species take up NH4 + and NO3 – both through their roots and the lower surface of their body (Lemna minor: Cedergreen and Madsen 2002), and may prefer NH4 + to NO3- (Landoltia punctata: Fang et al 2007). Higher concentrations of NH4 + in the environment are toxic to plants, animals and even humans (Britto and Kronzucker 2002). However, L. minor takes NH4 + slightly and increases well with ion concentrations of up to 84 mg / l (Zhang et al., 2014;

      At higher concentrations of NH4 + leads to reduction of growth rate and loss of photosynthetic pigment. Their ability to pick up and tolerate relatively high levels of NH4 + makes it particularly suitable for the treatment of waste water from domestic and agricultural sources, which often contain considerable amounts of ion. More than 90% of NH4 +, 70% of NO3-, and 33% to 85% of PO4- present in Ghana’s wastewater (Awuah et al. 2004), domestically treated wastewater in Egypt (El-Shafei and et al., 2007) and domestic waste water from Israel (Ben-shalom et al., 2014) were eliminated by Spirodela polyrhiza, Lemna gibba / L. minor and L. gibba respectively. These studies have shown that lignite waste water treatment has also maintained a neutral pH, reduced chemical and biological oxygen demand and eliminated suspended solids, mosquito larvae and coliform bacteria. Figure 1 shows the scheme of biological waste water processes using the lining.


      Fig. 1 Scheme of biological processes of wastewater using lignite, after M.D. Smith and Moelyowati, I. (2001)

      The purpose of this research activity was to select Lemna sp. of the spontaneous flora and the determination of the species required for the treatment of waste water resulting from SAR. Figure 2 shows the selected Lemna species for the current study.


      Figure 2 Selected Lemon Species

      Thus, for the experiments, 5 species of lobster were selected from local fauna: Lemna minor, L. trisulca, L. gibba, Wolffia arrhiza, Spirodela polyrhiza. Figure 3 shows the areas where the plant material has been tried and succeeded.

      index 

      Figure 3. Areas where the sampling of vegetal material has been tried and succeeded

      For the sampling we have established the aquatic habitat areas in which the plant species of interest could be found and we moved to several marshy areas around Bucharest (Văcăreşti Natural Park, Comana Natural Park, Snagov Forest Protected Area), but also in other parts of the country, such as the lower part of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in the area bounded by the Lunar Lakes, Histria, Tuzla and Vadu Forest (Constanta County), along the Suha River and its affluent – the Branistea brook (Suceava County ), but we tested in the laboratory and the lingo already at Aquaterra Frasin, Suceava.


      Figure 4 shows snapshots during sampling.

      Species of Lemna were grown in tall pools and illuminated with fluorescent tubes. The intensity of illumination and the distance between the light source and the water level were tested to see the favorable conditions for growing the species of interest.

      Several conclusions of the experiments on the growth of Lemna species under laboratory conditions:

      • In experimental vessels we noticed that the most favorable light for Lemna crops at a water depth of 25-35 cm) is 36 watts. Virtually one neon tube of that power is enough.

        •    If we use a 2-tube lamp, there is already too much light in the filtration system, and green algae and even worse algae and cyanobacteria that compete with the Lemna population are starting to develop and hinder the exuberant development of Lemna crops.

      •  The ideal neon tube distance to water is about 30 cm. Placing them at a smaller distance leads to the development of cyanobacteria.

      •  If we have a permanent recirculation system with a small recirculation pump that does not lead to the Lemna sp plant overturning, the plant growth rate increases.

        •   The length of Lemna minor roots is about 3-5 cm in poor crops in organic matter, especially if the aquaculture environment does not have fish. On the recirculating systems of our measured average experiments of Lemna minor roots, it reaches 10-12 cm in length, which is even thicker and more vigorous.

      •  Cultivation should be done as much as necessary, but with 90% of the surface area of ​​the aquaculture area occupied with Lemna, in order not to create a dangerous break for algal species, especially cyanobacteria (Mycrocystis aeruginosa, Nostoc sp.).
      •  At the same intensity of light, Lemna gibba plants develop very well, having the capacity to divide at least 2 times larger than the Lemna minor, which we have not found in the specialized literature. So he can be a good actor for filtering and recirculating water from RAS from superintensive aquaculture farms.
      •  In some experimental vessels we cultivated Lemna trisulca, the only species that lives both on the surface and in the water. We have experienced the cultivation of this species in 3 experimental variants:
      1. on Ceratophyllum submersus plants – as we have found them associated in the natural environment of the Gurban Valley – Comana Natural Park.
      2. on a rabbit mesh network parallel to the slats frames to be well stretched. These bars are placed parallel to each other. Woven plants as a network develop very well if the water comes with enough organic substance from the aquaculture basins of the fish. The lifecycle must be permanently reophilized by a recirculation pump (brook-type micromedium or slow flow but constant flow filter).
      3. High-grain filtering polyurethane foam or special polyurethane foam strands used for retaining as much organic deuterium as specially used in aquaculture recirculating systems.
      •  In all systems used in experiments we used a higher intensity of light (for experimental vessels we used a light intensity of 4 tubes of 18watts at a water depth of about 30 cm of water. higher current than the other species of surface Lemna and the ecological conditions thus created provide the plant with harmonious conditions of development according to their ecological requirements. The lateral illumination can be provided by a proposed new type of long-life aquarium with vertical illumination lamps and two lateral lighting systems in such a way that the Lemna trisulca filter population grows illuminated from all sides. After filtration the water has to be sterilized with a UV lamp – before it returns to the aquaculture environment.

      • ISI articles and conferences on the project

        ISI articles:

        •  Ioana Corina Moga, Nicolae Crăciun, Ioan Ardelean, Gabriel Petrescu, Radu Popa, THE POTENTIAL OF BIOFILMS FROM MOVING BED BIOREACTORS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT, The Publishing House of Industria Textilei Magazine, undergoing printing, acceptance letter in the figure below:
        •  R. POPA, I.C. MOGA, M. RISSDORFER, M.L.G. ILIS, G. PETRESCU, N. CRACIUN, M.G. MATACHE, C.I. COVALIU, G. STOIAN, DUCKWEED UTILIZATION FOR FRESH WATER CONSERVATION (MANAGEMENT) IN RECIRCULATED AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS, International Journal of Conservation Science, Volume 8, Issue 4 – December 2017.

        Conferences / Dissemination activities:

        •  Participation in Euroinvent 2017 – European Exibition of Creativity and Innovation, 25-27 May 2017 and gold medal at this occasion


        



      Certificate of participation and prize

      •  International Conference Tex Teh VIII, 19 -20 Octombrie 2017, București, presentation and title article: ”THE POTENTIAL OF BIOFILMS FROM MOVING BED BIOREACTORS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT”


      Snapshot from project submission

      •  International Symposium ISB – INMA TECH, Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering, 26 – 28 Octombrie 2017

      Snapshot from project submission


      Participation Diploma
      •    13th International Symposium “Priorities of Chemistry for Sustainable Development” – PRIOCHEM, 25-27 October, Bucharest, venue: UPB Central Library with poster and paper: AMS-CARRIER-CHLORELA BIOFILM IS USEFUL IN AQUACULTURE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

      Selective Bibliography

      • Ansal M D, Dhawan A and Kaur V I 2010: Duckweed based bio-remediation of village ponds: An ecologically and economically viable integrated approach for rural development through aquaculture. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #129. Retrieved December 4, 2017, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/7/ansa22129.htm
      • Asada, K. (2006), Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions. In: Plant Physiology, vol.141, nr. .2, 391-396.
      • Bidlack, J.E.; Stern, K.R., Jansky, S. (2003). Introductory Plant Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill
        Cedergreen N,  Madsen TV. Light regulation of root and leaf NO 3− uptake and reduction in the floating macrophyte Lemna minor, New Phytologist , 2003, vol. 161 (pg. 449-457)
      • Fiske CH, Subbarow Y. 1927. The nature of the “inorganic phosphate” in voluntary muscle. Science. 65(1686):401-403
        Haghbayan, S., and M. S. Mehrgan. 2015. The effect of replacing fish meal in the diet with enzyme-treated soybean meal (HP310) on growth and body composition of rainbow trout fry. Molecules 20: 21058–21066
      • Hasan, M.R. Nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture development in the third millennium. in: R.P. Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery, J.R. Arthur (Eds.) Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, February 20–25. NACA/FAO, Bangkok/Rome; 2000:193–219.
      • Konda Ramesh Reddy, W. F. De Busk, Nutrient Removal Potential of Selected Aquatic Macrophytes, October 1985Journal of Environmental Quality 14(4)
      • Kumar, V., A. K. Sinha, H. P. S. Makkar, G. De Boeck, and K. Becker. 2011. Phytate and phytase in fish nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96: 335–364. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01169.x.
      • Lazzari R, Baldisserotto B (2008) Nitrogen and phosphorus waste in fish farming. Bol Inst Pesca 34(4):591–600
      • Magni, P., Rajagapal, S., Vandervelde, G., Perel, G., Kasserberg, J., Vizzini, S., Mazerla, A. and Giordanb, G. (2008). Sediment features, macroziobathic assemblages and trophic relationship following a dystrophic event with anoxia and sulphide development in the Santa Giuta Lagoon. Marine Pollution Bulletin 57:125 – 136.
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